Chuyên đề thi vào 10 - Chuyên đề Viết thư, bài luận, mô tả biểu đồ

 VIẾT THƯ, BÀI LUẬN, MÔ TẢ BIỂU ĐỒ
 PART I : OVERVIEW OF A LETTER
 A. KHÁI NIỆM
I. Định nghĩa 
Thư tín là văn bản chứa đựng những thông tin mà một người muốn báo cho một (hoặc nhiều) người khác 
biết.
II. Văn phong 
1. Thư có thể thức 
 - Với thư có thể thức hay thư trang trọng (formal letters), người nhận là một tổ chức, ví dụ một công 
ty, hay là một người khác mà bạn không biết rõ.
 - Ngôn ngữ trang trọng và lịch sự. 
2. Thư bán thể thức 
 - Với thư bán thể thức hay thư gần trang trọng (semi-formal letters), người nhận là bạn bè, gia đình, 
người cấp dưới. 
 - Ngôn ngữ sẽ thân thiện hơn và ít trang trọng hơn so với thư có thể thức. 
3. Thư phi thể thức 
 - Với thư phi thể thức hay thư thân mật (informal letters), người nhận là bạn bè, gia đình nhưng thân 
mật hơn. 
 - Ngôn ngữ thân mật, gần gũi hơn.
III. Bố cục
 Ngày tháng (Date) - Viết bên tay phải của bức thư. 
 Ví dụ: May 24, 2008 hoặc 1 Aug, 2018 hoặc 24th May, 2018
 - Khi người nhận là người bạn biết rõ, sử dụng tên gọi của người nhận (To 
 the recipient you know well, address his/ her first name) 
 Ví dụ: Dear Linda,
 Dear John, 
 - Khi người nhận là người cấp trên, nói rõ chức danh và tên họ của người 
 nhận (To the recipients who are superior to you, address their title formally 
 and their surname) 
 Ví dụ: Dear Mr. Adam,
 Dear Mrs./ Miss./Ms. CirLaurence,
 Chào hỏi (Salutation) người nhận là người bạn không biết rõ (To the person you don't know) Ví 
 dụ: Dear Sir(s),
 Dear Madam, 
 Dear Sir or Madam,
 To Whom It May Concern, 
 - Khi bạn biết chức danh của người nhân (If you know the title of the 
 recipient) 
 Ví dụ: Dear Professor,
 Dear Editor, 
 Dear Manager,
 Dear Dean,
 - Giới thiệu bản thân (Nếu cần thiết) 
 Phần mở đầu - Lí do của bức thư
 (Introduction) Ví dụ: I'm writing to ask you for a favour.
 - Giới thiệu tình huống, thông tin chung chung
 - Đưa ra thông tin cụ thể về vấn đề/ tình huống (Give more detail about the 
 Phần thân problem/ case) 
 (Body) - Trình bày phần thân của bài viết thư thành nhiều đoạn nhỏ, trong đó mỗi 
 đoạn trả lời một ý được hỏi ở đề bài (Divide the body into several
 parts and each part covers one main idea stated in the instruction.) Now, I am returning the alarm clock with this letter and would be grateful if you could wareplacement 
 and refund my postage.
 I am looking forward to your favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
 Yours faithfully, 
 Jack Nicholson
4. Ngôn ngữ, diễn đạt gợi ý 
 - I attended a training course and found it terrible. đầu
 - I found the service of ... Department Store poor. 
 - Much to my regret, I write this letter to place a complaint against ... 
 - I am writing to draw your attention to ... 
 - I wish to complain in the strongest terms about ... 
 Phần mở đầu
 - I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with ... 
 - I regret to inform you that ... 
 - I am sorry to point it out, but ...
 - I suppose you can imagine my feelings when I discovered that ...
 - I guess you can understand my disappointment when I realized that ...
 Nêu lên vấn đề (Reporting on the problem)
 - I was careful to follow the instructions for use, honestly. 
 - Unfortunately, your product has not performed well because ... 
 - That the product does not work properly is not what I expected. 
 - That the service was not performed correctly is not what I expected. 
 - I was billed the wrong amount. 
 - Something was not disclosed clearly or was misrepresented. 
 Phần thân
 Thể hiện sự thông cảm (Showing positive understanding)
 - I realize that mistakes happen. 
 - I am not blaming anyone. 
 - Other than the three I've had to return recently, I've always found your products to 
 be excellent. 
 - Your engineers have been excellent as always, but without the correct parts they 
 can't do the job required.
 - I'd be grateful if you could send a replacement and refund my postage.
 - To resolve the problem, I would appreciate it if you could send technicians over to 
 repair the machine as soon as possible. 
 - When the matter is resolved, I'd be grateful for a suitable refund of some of my 
 Phân kết service contract costs. 
 - I look forward to a positive reply from you. 
 - Please make sure that appropriate measures are taken to solve the problem. 
 - I expect a courtesy of a prompt reply from you and the necessary remedial measures 
 to be taken.
5. Đề luyện tập 
Đề 1: 
You bought a TV a week ago but when you got home you discovered it did not work properly. You 
called customer service to report the problem but you have not yet received any help. 
Write a letter to the company and in your letter: 
 - introduce yourself 
 - explain the problem
 - state what action you would like from the company 
Write at least 150 words. 
Đề 2: 
You are a student at a language school in New Zealand studying Business English. Part of the course is a 
summer work placement programme. Unfortunately, you have just learnt from the school that this 
programme has now been cancelled. 
Write a letter to the School Principal and in your letter: - I am sending two 10-euro bills along with my sincerest apology. Hope this will 
 cover the cost of purchasing the same dictionary. 
 - Naturally, I want to replace it or pay you its value. Will you please tell me which 
 you prefer? 
 - I hope the settlement of this matter can meet your wishes. 
 - I accept full responsibility for what happened. 
 - I know this was completely my fault.
 - The fault is entirely mine and I deeply regret that it happened.
 - Please accept my most cordial and humblest apologies for once more 
 - I will try my utmost not to make such a stupid mistake again. 
 Phần kết
 - I can understand that it may be difficult for you to accept my apology, but I hope 
 that this letter might help make things better. 
 - I hope this letter will give us both a chance to understand each other better
5. Đề luyện tập 
Đề 1: 
You said you would attend a friend's dinner party but you did not go.
Write a letter to your friend and in your letter: 
 - apologize for not attending 
 - explain why you did not attend 
 - say what you will do to make up for it 
Write at least 150 words. 
Đề 2: 
Your neighbours have recently written to you to complain about the noise from your house flat. 
Write a letter to your neighbours and in your letter: 
 - explain the reasons for the noise 
 - apologise for the noise 
 - describe what action you will take: to make up for it 
Write at least 150 words.
III. Thư yêu cầu (Letter of request) 
1. Định nghĩa 
Thư yêu cầu là dạng thư có mục đích đề nghị một tổ chức hay cá nhân nào đó thực hiện một hoặc các 
yêu cầu được viết trong thư. 
2. Bố cục 
 Phần mở đầu - Đưa ra lí do tại sao muốn liên hệ với người nhận
 Phần thân - Đưa ra thông tin chi tiết về yêu cầu hay sự nhờ vả
 - Đưa ra lời cảm ơn đối với người nhận
 Phần kết - Mức độ lịch sự và độ dài của phần kết phụ thuộc vào mức độ khó của
 sự yêu cầu hay nhờ vả
 3. Bài mẫu 
You are accepted as an overseas student by a university. You have a friend who happens to live in 
the city where you are going. Write to your friend and ask him/her to help you find a place to stay.
 Dear Alice,
 How is everything going with you in Southampton? I have been awarded a scholarship study for my 
 master's degree in the University of Southampton for two years and I am planning to leave for the UK 
 at the end of this September. I contacted the school yesterday and was told that they do not have 
 accommodation available for master students. I hope you can help me to find a temporary place to 
 stay for the first few weeks.
 Preferably, 11 is close to the campus or within minutes' walk to bus stops. I wouldn't mind living in a 
 bedsit or sharing a flat with others, but I would like it to be basically furnished. Please reserve it for 
 three weeks so that I can look for a more suitable one if necessary. - suggest how your friend could help you find a job
Write at least 150 words. 
Đề 2: 
You are going on a short course to a training college abroad. It is a college that you have not been to 
before. 
Write a letter to the accommodation officer and in your letter: 
 - give details of your course and your arrival/departure date 
 - explain your accommodation needs 
 - ask for information about getting to and from the college bomo 
Write at least 150 words.
IV. Thư cảm ơn (Letter of thanks)
1. Định nghĩa 
Thư cảm ơn là dạng thư có mục đích bày tỏ sự biết ơn, cảm kích với người nhận thư. 
2. Bố cục 
 Phần mở đầu - Đưa ra mục đích của bức thư: thể hiện sự cảm ơn, trân trọng đó người nhận
 Phần thân - Mô tả ngắn gọn những gì người nhận đã làm cho mình
 - Đưa ra lời cảm ơn chân thành một lần nữa và gợi ý những những gì mình 
 Phần kết
 muốn làm để đáp trả lại lòng tốt của người nhận
3. Bài mẫu
You had an operation and stayed in a hospital for two weeks for treatment. Now you recovered 
and came back to school to continue your study. Write a letter to the hospital to express your 
appreciation to the doctors and nurses who cared for you.
 To All Staff of AAA Hospital:
 I am writing to express my appreciation for the wonderful treatment and care you all showed to me 
 following my recent operation.
 Before I came into the hospital, I was very nervous but you were all so kind, which took away a lot of 
 my anxiety. You demonstrated your great sense of responsibility caring for me when I was helpless in 
 the days immediately following the operation and also gave me the support and encouragement I 
 needed to recover.
 I'd like to particularly thank Linda James who provided me with round-the-clock nursing care and to 
 Dr. Jerry Carter for his expertise in the operating theatre. However, I'd also like to thank all the other 
 people, who all played such an important part in my treatment.
 Thanks to you all. I'm now able to go back to school and finish my Master's study. Without your help, 
 this would not have been possible. So you can imagine how grateful I am.
 Best regards, Peter Stark
4. Ngôn ngữ, diễn đạt gợi ý (Suggested words and expressions) 
 - I want to thank you for/ Thank you so much for ... 
 - I would like to write you and say thanks for ...
 Phần mở đầu
 - I take this opportunity to express my deep appreciation to you for ...
 - It was most thoughtful and generous of you to ...
 Tóm tắt ngắn gọn những gì người nhận đã làm cho mình (Briefly retelling what 
 the recipient has done) 
 - You certainly know how to make a guest feel at home. 
 - Your delicious meals were a treat, and your flexibility in adapting to my irregular 
 schedule made many things possible. 
 - The book you suggested was exactly what I needed and it has saved me countless 
 Phần thân
 hours. 
 - This information is certain to help our future cooperation.
 Thể hiện cảm xúc của mình (Expressing your emotions) 
 - Because of you, I was able to relax. 
 - It was a complete surprise for me and a thrill I'll never forget. 
 - I am sure this job would not have come to me without your help.