Chuyên đề Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh - Chuyên đề 20: Câu tường thuật (Reported speech)

 CHUYÊN ĐỀ 20
 PHÁT ÂM – PRONUNCIATION
A. LÍ THUYẾT
Câu tường thuật là loại câu thuật lại lời nói của người khác dưới dạng gián tiếp.
I. Một số thay đổi cơ bản khi tường thuật
Khi chuyển từ câu nói trực tiếp sang câu nói gián tiếp có những thay đổi sau:
1. Các đại từ
 Các đại từ Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
 Subject pronouns I he/ she
 You I/ We/ They
 We We/ They
 Object pronouns me him/ her
 you me/ us/ them
 us us/ them
 Possessive my his/ her
 adjectives your my/ our/ their
 our our/ their
 Possessive mine his/ hers
 pronouns yours mine/ ours/ theirs
 ours ours/ theirs
 Demonstratives this that
 these those
2. Trạng từ chỉ thời gian
 Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
 Today that day
 Tonight that night
 Tomorrow the next day/ the following day
 Tomorrow morning the next morning
 Yesterday the day before/ the previous day
 Ago before
 Now then
 Next (Tuesday) the next/ following Tuesday - Must/have to (sự bắt buộc) - Had to
 She said: "I must take care of my little She said (that) she had to take care of
 brother." her little brother.
 - Must (sự suy diễn) - Must
 He said: "You must be tired now." He said (that) I must be tired then.
 - Must (đưa ra lời khuyên) - Must
 My father said: "This exam is very My father said (that) that exam was 
 important. You must prepare for it well." very important and I must prepare for
 it well.
 - Mustn't (sự cấm đoán) - Mustn't
 She said: "You mustn't make noise here." She said (that) I mustn't make noise 
 there.
 May Might
 My teacher said: "You may use My teacher said (that) we might use 
 dictionaries for this test." dictionaries for that test.
 Need Needed/had to
 He said: "I need do it now." He said (that) he needed/had to do it 
 then.
 - Needn't (dùng ờ hiện tại) - Needn't/didn't have to
 She said: "We needn't set off early." She said (that) they needn't/didn't have
 to set off early.
 - Needn't (dùng ở tương lai) - Wouldn't have to
 He said: "You needn't come here He said (that) I wouldn't have to come 
 tomorrow." here the next day.
II. Không thay đổi thì động từ
1. Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại hoặc tương lai
Ví dụ:
He says: "I have just finished my work."
 He says (that) he has just finished his work.
2. Khi động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ, cũng không có thay đổi thì động từ trong những trường 
hợp sau
a. Tường thuật một sự thật hiển nhiên, một chân lí
Ví dụ:
The little boy said: "Mother's mother is grandmother."
 The little boy said mother's mother is grandmother.
b. Khi động từ trong câu trực tiếp có các thì: quá khứ tiếp diễn kết hợp với quá khứ đơn, quá khứ đơn 
với quá khứ hoàn thành, quá khứ đơn (đi kèm thời gian cụ thể)
Ví dụ:
He said: "I was doing my homework when my mother came in." 3. Câu tường thuật với động từ theo sau bằng động từ nguyên thể
- tell/ask sb + to V: bảo/yêu cầu ai làm gì
- advise sb + to V: khuyên ai làm gì
- promise + to V: hứa làm gì
- threaten + to V: đe doạ làm gì
- warn + sb + not to V: cảnh báo không nên làm gì
- invite sb + to V: mời ai làm gì
- remind + sb + to V: nhắc nhở ai làm gì
- encourage sb + to V: khuyến khích ai làm gì
- offer + to V: đề nghị làm gì
- agree + to V: đồng ý làm gì
4. Câu tường thuật với động từ theo sau bằng danh động từ
- accuse sb of + V-ing: buộc tội ai vì làm gì
- admit + V-ing: thừa nhận làm gì
- deny + V-ing: phủ nhận làm gì
- apologize (to sb) for + V-ing: xin lỗi ai vì làm gì
- blame sb for + V-ing: đổ lỗi cho ai vì làm gì
- complain (to sb) about + V-ing: phàn nàn về điều gì
- confess to V-ing: thú nhận làm gì
- congratulate sb on + V-ing: chúc mừng vì làm gì
- criticize sb for V-ing: chỉ trích vì làm gì
- insist on + V-ing: khăng khăng làm gì
- object to + V-ing: phản đối làm gì
- suggest + V-ing: gợi ý/đề nghị làm gì
- thank sb for + V-ing: cảm ơn ai vì làm gì
- warn sb against + V-ing: cảnh báo ai không nên làm gì
B. BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG
Exercise 1: Viết lại câu bằng cách chuyên từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp
1. Nam said: "I am told to be at school before 7 o'clock".
 ....................................................................................................................................................................
2. Thu said: "All the students will have a meeting next week".
 ....................................................................................................................................................................
3. Phong said: “My parents are very proud of my good marks".
 ....................................................................................................................................................................
4. The teacher said: "All the homework must be done carefully".
 ....................................................................................................................................................................
5. Her father said to her: "You can go to the movie with your friend".
 ....................................................................................................................................................................
6. "Do you enjoy reading?", Phong asked Peter.
 ....................................................................................................................................................................
7. "Do your sister and brother go to the same school?", she asked Nam.
 ....................................................................................................................................................................
8. "Are there any oranges in the fridge?", she asked her mom.
 ....................................................................................................................................................................
9. "Were you reading this book at 8 o'clock last Sunday?", she asked Ba. 20. She said that I had better (go) home early.
 Exercise 3: Viết lại câu bằng cách chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp
1. She said to him: "Give me another glass of wine".
 She told......................................................................................................................................................
2. She said to me: "Bring me a book".
 She asked ....................................................................................................................................................
3. The mother said to him: "Open the window please!".
 The mother told ..........................................................................................................................................
4. The captain said to them: "Wait here until I come back".
 The captain asked ......................................................................................................................................
5. "Do come and enjoy tea with my family" she said.
 She invited us .............................................................................................................................................
6. "Why don't we come to visit our teacher today?" he said.
 He suggested...............................................................................................................................................
7. "My advice to you is to do morning exercises" she said.
 She advised me ...........................................................................................................................................
8. "I'm sorry I broke the glass", said Peter.
 Peter apologized ........................................................................................................................................
9. "Why don't you put your luggage under the seat?" he asked,
 He suggested..............................................................................................................................................
10. "It's true that I broke your old vase", she said in tears.
 She admitted ...............................................................................................................................................
11. "Don't move or I'll shoot", said the bank robber to the clerk.
 The bank robber threatened ......................................................................................................................
12. "Don't forget to phone the police", she told him.
 She reminded .............................................................................................................................................
13. "Don't swim out too far, boys", said the coach.
 The coach warned.......................................................................................................................................
14. Linh said, "If my father repairs the bike now, I will ride the bike to school."
 Linh said ....................................................................................................................................................
15. "I would have passed the exam if I had tried my best” Binh said.
 Binh said ...................................................................................................................................................
 Exercise 4: Chọn phương án đúng
1. The interviewer asked me what experience for the job.
 A. do you get B. did I get C. I got D. you got
2. They asked me whether I was working 
 A. next day afternoon B. the afternoon followed
 C. the following afternoon D. tomorrow afternoon
3. "Where have you been hiding?", she asked. She asked me where hiding.
 A. I have been B. have I been C. had I be D. I had been
4. He asked me home the day before.