Chuyên đề Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh - Chuyên đề 14: Cấu tạo từ (Word forms)

 CHUYÊN ĐỀ 14
 CẤU TẠO TỪ - WORD FORMS
A. CÁCH CẤU TẠO CỦA TỪ
I. Cách cấu tạo của danh từ
 STT Quy tắc Ví dụ
 1 V + ment N develop (v) + ment = development (n): sự phát triển
 entertain (v) + ment = entertainment (n): sự giải trí
 2 V + ance N attend (v) + ance = attendance (n): sự tham dự
 perform (v) + ance = performance (n): sự thực hiện, sự biểu diễn
 3 V + ion/ation N invent (v) + ion = invention (n): sự phát minh
 inform (v) + ion = information (n): thông tin
 4 V + age N marry (v) + age = marriage (n): hôn nhân
 carry (v) + age = carriage (n): sự chuyên chở hàng hoá, xe ngựa
 5 V + al N survive (v) + al = survival (n): sự sống sót
 arrive (v) + al = arrival (n): sự đến, tới
 6 V + ing N teach (v) + ing = teaching (n): công việc dạy học
 train (v) + ing = training (n): công việc đào tạo
 7 V + er ^ N work (v) + er = worker (n): công nhân
 employ (v) + er = employer (n): ông chủ
 8 V + or N act (v) + or = actor (n): diễn viên
 9 V + ress N act (v) + ress = actress (n): nữ diễn viên
 wait (v) + ress = waitress (n): nữ bồi bàn
 10 V + ant N assist (v) + ant = assistant (n): trợ lí
 depend (v) + ant = dependant (n): người phụ thuộc
 11 V + ee N employ (v)+ ee = employee (n): công nhân
 interview (v) + ee = interviewee (n): người đi phỏng vấn
 12 V + ledge N know (v) + ledge = knowledge (n): sự hiểu biết, kiến thức
 13 V + ist N type (v) + ist = typist (n): người đánh máy
 14 V + ar N lie (v) + ar = liar (n): kẻ nói dối
 15 V + ence N depend (v) + ence = dependence (n): sự phụ thuộc
 16 Adj + ness N rich (a) + ness = richness (n): sự giàu có
 polite (a) + ness = politeness (n): sự lịch sự
 17 Adj + ity N able (a) + ity = ability (n): khả năng, năng lực
 responsible (a) + ity = responsibility (n): trách nhiệm history (n) + ic = historic (a): có tính chất lịch sử
 5 N + able Adj reason (n) + able = reasonable (a): có lí, hợp lí
 comfort (n) + able = comfortable (a): thoải mái
 6 N + ous Adj danger (n) + ous = dangerous (a): nguy hiểm
 industry (n) + ous = industrious (a): chăm chỉ
 7 N + some Adj trouble (n) + some = troublesome (a): gây rắc rối, khó chịu
 hand (n) + some = handsome (a): đẹp trai
 8 N + al Adj nation (n) + al = national (a): thuộc quốc gia
 nature (n) + al = natural (a): thuộc về tự nhiên
 9 N + ing/ed Adj interest (n) + ing/ed = interesting /interested (a): thú vị/thích thú
 bore (n) + ing/ed = boring/ bored (a): tẻ nhạt/buồn chán
 10 N + ern = Adj west (n) + ern = western (a): về phía tây, ở phía tây
 south (n) + ern = southern (a): về phía nam, ở phía nam
 11 N + y = Adj rain (n) + y = rainy (a): có mưa
 sun (n) + y = sunny (a): có nhiều ánh nắng
 12 N + ible = Adj response (n) + ible = responsible (a): có trách nhiệm
 13 V + ent Adj depend (v) + ent = dependent (a): phụ thuộc
 14 V + ive Adj impress (v) + ive = impressive (a): ấn tượng
 N + ive Adj invent (v) + ive = inventive (a): có tài phát minh, có óc sáng tạo
 expense (n) + ive = expensive (a):.đắt
 15 N + like Adj child (n) + like = childlike (a): như trẻ con, ngây thơ, thật thà
 god (n) + like = godlike (n): như thần, như thánh
 16 N + ish Adj fool (n) + ish = foolish (a): dại dột, ngu xuẩn
 self (n) + ish = selfish (a): ích kỉ
IV. Cách cấu tạo của trạng từ
 STT Quy tắc Ví dụ
 1 Adj + ly Adv slow (a) + ly = slowly (adv): một cách chậm chạp
 rapid (a) + ly = rapidly (adv): một cách nhanh chóng
* Lưu ý:
 STT Quy tắc Ví dụ
 1 N + ly Adj like + ly = likely (a) 
 Adj+ ly Adv quick + ly = quickly (adv)
 2 V + al = N arrive + al = arrival (n) 
 N + al = Adj nation + al = national (a) beautifully (adv): tốt đẹp, đáng hài lòng
2. reasonable (a): có lí, hợp lí 
 reason (n): lí do 
 reasonably (adv): hợp lí
3. industry (n): công nghiệp
 industrial (a): thuộc về công nghiệp 
 industrious (a): chăm chỉ 
 industrialize (v): công nghiệp hoá
4. comfort (n/v): sự an ủi, an ủi
 comfortable (a): thoải mái, dễ chịu
 comfortably (adv): hợp lí, vừa phải, chấp nhận được
5. invite (v): mời
 invitation (n): lời mời
6. care (n): sự quan tâm 
 careful (a): cẩn thận 
 careless (a): cẩu thả 
 caring (a): biết quan tâm
 carefully (adv): một cách cẩn thận
 carelessly (adv): một cách cẩu thả
7. health (n): sức khoẻ
 healthy (a): khoẻ mạnh
8. disappointment (n): sự thất vọng
 disappoint (v): thất bại, làm hỏng, không thoả mãn ý mong đợi của ai 
 disappointing (a)/disappointed (a): thất vọng
Tuy nhiên: Adj(ing) chỉ bản chất của sự vật, sự việc.
 Adj(ed) chỉ đối tượng bị tác động (bị động).
Ví dụ: The book is very interesting. I am interested in this/that book.
9. nation (n): quốc gia
 national (a): thuộc về quốc gia 
 nationalize (v): quốc hữu hoá 
 nationality (n): quốc tịch
10. act (v): hành động
 action (n): hành động, tác động
 activity (n): hoạt động
 active (a): năng động
11. lazy (a): lười biếng
 laziness (n): sự lười biếng
 lazily (adv): một cách lười biếng
12. education (n): sự giáo dục
 educate (v): giáo dục, dạy dỗ 15 Sau bring/take/have/buy/sell... + N. Money doesn't bring happiness to man.
 16 Giữa hai động từ là trạng từ. He will certainly die if you don't call a doctor.
 17 Khi có "and/or/but" thì hai vế cân nhau The International Red Cross helps people in need 
 (cùng chức năng từ loại/ngữ pháp/ ngữ without any discrimination based on nationality, 
 nghĩa). race, religion, class or political opinions.
II. Bài ỉập áp dụng
Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, c or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each 
of the following questions
1. Faraday made many in the field of physics and chemistry.
 A. discover B. discoveries C. discovered D. discovering
2. Faraday was an in Davy's laboratory.
 A. assistance B. assist C. assistant D. assisted
3. The generator is one of Faraday's most important .
 A. achievements B. achievement C. achieve D. achieving
4. His of the generator is very famous.
 A. invent B. inventive C. invention D. inventor
5. We will our English vocabulary if we read English books every day.
 A. rich B. richness C. enrich D. richly
6. You study very well. It's that you will fail the exam.
 A. possible B. impossible C. possibility D. impossibility
7. Lan always shares her with me.
 A. sadness B. sad C. sadly D. unsad
8. These children have the to imitate animals' voice.
 A. able B. ability C. disable D. disability
9. Money doesn't bring to man.
 A. happy B. happiness C. happily D. unhappy
10. Good students aren't intelligent students.
 A. necessary B. necessity C. necessarily D. unnecessary
Exercise 2: Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each 
of the following questions
1. I don't believe what he has just said. It is 
 A. reason B. unreasonable C. reasonably D. reasoning
2. The teacher does everything in order to her students.
 A. courage B. encourage C. encouragement D. encouraged
3. What is his ? Is he American or English?
 A. national B. nationality C. nationalize D. international 1. During his the family lived in Cornwall.
 A. child B. childlike C. childish D. childhood
2. How many were there in all?
 A. compete B. competitions C. competitive D. competitors
3. We won't buy the car until the arises.
 A. necessary B. necessity C. necessarily D. unnecessary
4. waste is one of the causes of air pollution.
 A. Industrious B. Industrial C. industry D. industrialization
5. Mount Vesurius is an volcano.
 A. act B. active C. action D. activity
6. He is confident enough to express his opinion 
 A. comfortable B. comfort C. comfortably D. uncomfortable
7. She is so busy with activities that she has no time for entertainment.
 A. society B. social C. sociable D. socialization
8. One day, young Faraday attended a lecture given by a scientist, Sir Humphry Davy.
 A. famous B. fame C. famously D. infamous
9. He has been very interested in doing research on since he was at high school.
 A. Biology B. biological C. biologist D. biologically
10. You are old enough to take for what you have done.
 A. responsible B. responsibility C. responsibly D. irresponsible
Exercise 5: Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each 
of the following questions
1. These quick and easy can be effective in the short term, but they have a cost.
 A. solve B. solvable C. solutions D. solvability
2. He was looking at his parents , waiting for recommendations.
 A. obey B. obedience C. obedient D. obediently 
3. The interviews with parents showed that the vast majority were of teachers.
 A. support B. supportive C. supporter D. supporting
4. It is of you to leave the medicine where the children could reach it.
 A. care B. caring C. careless D. careful
5. For reasons, passengers are requested not to leave any luggage unattended.
 A. secure B. securely C. security D. securing
6. The leader of the explorers had the great in his native guide.
 A. confident B. confidence C. confidential D. confidentially
7. We are impressed by his to help us with the hard mission.
 A. will B. willing C. willingness D. willingly
8. Although they are twins, they have almost the same appearance but they are seldom in 
 A. agree B. agreeable C. agreement D. agreeably
9. The more and positive you look, the better you will feel.
 A. confide B. confident C. confidently D. confidence
10. It is reported that humans are the main reason for most species' declines and habitat and 
degradation are the leading threats.
 A. destroy B. destructive C. destructor D. destruction
Exercise 6: Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each 
of the following questions
1. Many Vietnamese people their lives for the revolutionary cause of the nation.
 A. sacrifice B. sacrificed C. sacrificial D. sacrificially
2. They had a candlelit dinner last night and she accepted his proposal of marriage.