Bài giảng Chuyên đề ngữ pháp tiếng Anh - Chủ đề: Modal auxiliaries

 CONTENTS
7-1 The form of modal auxiliaries
7-2 Expressing ability: can and could
7-3 Expressing possibility: may, might, and maybe Expressing  
7-4 Using could to express possibility
7-5 Polite questions: may I, could I, can I
7-6 Polite questions: would you, could you, will you, can you
7-7 Expressing advice: should and ought to
7-8 Expressing advice: had better
7-9 Expressing necessity: have to, have got to, must
7-10 Expressing lack of necessity: do not have to Expressing: 
7-11 Making logical conclusions: must
7-12 Tag questions with modal auxiliaries
7-13 Giving instructions: imperative sentences
7-14 Making suggestions: let's and why don't
7-15 Stating preferences: prefer, like...better, would rather
 1 7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
can (a) Inga can play the violin.
could (b) They couldn’t arrive on time.
may (c) It may be a nice day tomorrow.
might (d) It might be a nice day tomorrow.
 3 7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
 AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
 could must
can should would
 may will
might had better
 not followed by to
 Inga can to play the violin.
 5 7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
 AUXILIARY + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
 could must
can should would
 may will
might had better
 not in past form
 Inga can played the violin.
 7 7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
 AUXILIARY + TO + SIMPLE FORM OF VERB
have to (j) You have to be on time. 
have got to (k) He has got to be on time.
be able to (l) He is able to be on time.
ought to (m) He ought to be on time.
 to + simple form
 9 7-1 LET’S PRACTICE
 to
 Ø
She might ___Ø learn how to skate.
 11 7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
 I can’t believe that!
 13 7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
 can’t
(d) I cannot fix this computer.
 can not
 three negative forms 
 of can
 15 7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
(g) When we were in college, we could play 
 chess for hours.
 could = past form of can
 17 7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
(i). Mia can use a camera. same
(j). Mia is able to use a camera. meaning
(k). Mia could use a camera. same
(l). Mia was able to use a camera. meaning
 be able to ability
 19 7-2 LET’S PRACTICE
 can
 can’t
 A dolphin ______can’t run, 
 but it ______can jump.
 21 7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT AND
 MAYBE; EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN 
Maybe Alice heard some bad news.
 23 7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT AND
 MAYBE; EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN 
(c)
 I don’t know.
 Can we We maymight be be
 finish this by ready by then.
 Monday?
 25 7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT AND
 MAYBE; EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN 
(f) Maybe it will snow tomorrow.
COMPARE
(g) Maybe the test will be hard. adverb
 maybe “possibly”
 beginning of sentence
(h) The test may be hard. verb
 may be = may + the main verb be
 27 7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY, MIGHT AND
 MAYBE; EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN 
(k) You may not borrow my pen.
 You can’t borrow my pen.
 may deny permission
 can often used, too
 29 7-3 LET’S PRACTICE
 _______Maybe I’ll be done 
 with this project 
 tomorrow.
 maybe
 may be
 31 7-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY
 This could be a long walk.
 33 7-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY
(b) Why isn’t this 
 working? I don’t think it’s serious. 
 It could just be a weak 
 battery.
 present
 Could =
 possibility
 35 7-4 LET’S PRACTICE
I’d like to visit a beautiful place.
We could go to Thailand. present
 OR
 future
 37 7-4 LET’S PRACTICE
This car doesn’t run. The battery could
be dead. 
 present
 OR
 future
 39 7-5 POLITE QUESTIONS: MAY I, COULD I, CAN I
 POLITE QUESTION
(a) May I please take your picture?
(b) Could I please take your picture?
(c) Can I please take your picture?
 POSSIBLE ANSWERS
 Yes. Of course. Okay.
 Sure. Certainly.
 Yes. Of course.
 Sorry, not today.
 Yes. Certainly.
 Uh-huh.
 41 7-5 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT ? YES
 NO
 Can I please borrow your car?
 43 7-5 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT ? YES
 NO
 Could I borrow please your car?
 45 7-6 POLITE QUESTION: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, 
 WILL YOU, CAN YOU
POLITE QUESTION
(a) Would you please explain that again?
(b) Could you please explain that again?
(c) Will you please explain that again?
(d) Can you please explain that again?
 basically the same meaning
 47 7-6 POLITE QUESTION: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, 
 WILL YOU, CAN YOU
POLITE QUESTION
(a) Would you please INCORRECT:
 explain that again? May you please
 explain that again.
(b) Could you please 
 explain that again?
(c) Will you please 
 explain that again?
(d) Can you please can is less formal
 explain that again? 
 49 7-6 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT ? YES
 NO
 Will you wash my car, please?
 51 7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
 They should go home and get 
 some rest.
 53 7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
(d) You need to study. You should not go out.
 You need to study. You shouldn’t go out.
 NEGATIVE: should + not = shouldn’t
 Ought to not usually used in negative
 55 7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
 You should 
(f)
 come in to see 
 me.
 57 7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
 Maybe you 
(g)
 should come 
 in to see me.
 59 7-7 LET’S PRACTICE
 should
I need a book 
about geology. You should go 
 to the library.
 61 7-7 LET’S PRACTICE
 maybe, should
I need a book 
about geology. Maybe you should go
 to the library.
 63 7-8 EXPRESSING ADVICE: HAD BETTER
 should
(a) I have a headache. I ought to take a nap.
 had better
 should
 ought to same
 had better meaning
 good idea, good advice
 65 7-8 LET’S PRACTICE
 You’d better quit watching
 TV all day.
 Possible bad results?
 ✓ eat too much
 catch a cold
 ✓ hurt your eyes
 ✓ not study enough
 ✓ not exercise enough
 67 7-8 LET’S PRACTICE
 He’d better stay awake in school.
 Possible bad results?
 ✓ miss something
 get hurt
 ✓ get in trouble
 ✓ fail a test
 get the flu
 69 7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, 
 HAVE GOT TO, MUST
(a) I want to become a doctor.
 have to
 I have got to go to medical school.
 must
 have to
 have got to same
 had better meaning
 something is necessary
 71 7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO, 
 HAVE GOT TO, MUST
(c) It’s late. We’ve got to go home.
 73